Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper explores the adoption of e-learning in Zimbabwe's higher education, examining the opportunities and challenges associated with its implementation in the teaching and learning process. The paper was grounded in a systematic review approach, which provides a holistic view of the issue under investigation. In this regard, the PRISMA 2020 checklist ensured transparency and consistency in selecting the 60 papers from databases (Scopus, DOAJ, DHTE, WoS, Scielo SA, and IBSS). In addition, this approach ensured that all the crucial aspects of the issue under investigation were included in the analysis and discussion. The paper highlights e-learning as a concept and its process in the context of higher education. It also articulated a multifaceted approach that can be employed to enhance the adoption of e-learning in higher education. This led to the interrogation of the potential of e-learning to enhance accessibility, reduce costs, and improve educational outcomes. However, it also identifies significant barriers, including limited internet connectivity, inadequate technological infrastructure and resistance to change from both lecturers and students. In conclusion the adoption of e-learning in Zimbabwe's higher education presents both significant opportunities and notable challenges. To unlock the full potential of e-learning, policymakers, educational institutions and stakeholders need to collaborate in addressing these challenges. Ultimately, with the right approach, e-learning can play a transformative role in improving the quality and accessibility of higher education in Zimbabwe, contributing to broader educational socio-economic development targets.
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References
- Anderson, T. (2016). Theories for learning with emerging technologies. In G. Veletsianos (Ed.). Emergence and innovation in digital learning: Foundations and applications (35-64). Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
- Arslan, A. (2020). Reliability and Validity of Instruments Measuring English Teachers’ TPACK. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(3), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.679876
- Aunzo Jr, R.T. (2025). Advancing sustainable development goals with educational technology: supporting stem education and fostering innovation through educational technology. In Advancing sustainable development goals with educational technology (pp. 65-98). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
- Babirye, L. N., Jjagwe, G., & Turihohabwe, J. (2024). Suitability of eLearning Adoption Frameworks and Models for Higher Education Institutions in Uganda. In Rethinking ICT adoption theories in the developing world: Information and Communication Technologies (pp. 249-268). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
- Chandrappa, P.K. (2018). Connectivism as a learning theory for the digital age. Adhyayan: A Journal of Management Sciences, 8(01), 37-47. https://smsjournals.com/index.php/Adhyayan/article/view/2092
- Chikuvadze, P., Mugijima, S., & Mujere, N. (2024). Digital technology-enhanced pedagogy and its influence on sustainable pre-service educators’ development in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Education, Technology and Science, 4(2), 1861-1872.
- Chiome, C., & Chindanya, A. (2015). An analysis of academia perceptions of effects of mainstreaming e-learning on gender/socio-cultural minorities in Zimbabwean universities. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 7(3), 218-227.
- Chinamasa, E., & Ncube, M. (2023). Factors influencing e-learning acceptance in teacher education institutions: students’ and lecturers’ views. International Journal of Education Humanities & Social Science, 6(01), 80-93.
- Chitanana, L. (2024). The suitability of blended learning in Zimbabwean state universities in the post-COVID-19 era. E-Learning & Digital Media, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530241277913
- Chitanana, L, Makaza, D., & Madzima, K. (2008). The current state of e-learning at universities in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 4(2), 5-15.
- Dacholfany. M.I, Saifi, I.L & Sulaiman. S, (2022). Connectivism and constructivism approaches to social learning theory, International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science, Volume 01 issue 01, 2022, E-ISSN: 2963 4954
- Daniel, S. (2023). Work and meaning in the age of AI-brookings. Brookings, available at: www. brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Work-and-meaning-in-the-age-of-AI_Final.pdf-Md
- Dube, S., & Scott, E. (2017). The use of e-learning systems for pedagogy: What Zimbabwean Educators say. International Journal of Advances in Computer Science & Its Applications, 7(1), 67-71.
- Farhadi. S & Öztürk. G, (2023), Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Level and Needs of Pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Teachers: Evidence from Turkey. Revista Educación. Dhttps://doi.org/10.15517/revedu.v47i1.51920
- Goldie, J. G. S. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher, 38(10), 1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2016.1173661
- Hayati, A., & Zaim, M. (2024). Students’ perception toward teachers’ implementation of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge in EFL classroom at Madrasah Aliyah. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i1.4529
- Heng, K. (2021). COVID-19: A catalyst for the digital transformation of Cambodian education, 87(2021).
- Jan, S. (2023). Meaning-thinking-AI. AI & Society. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/s00146-023-01709-x
- Kafai, Y.B., Proctor, C., & Lui, D. (2020). From theory bias to theory dialogue: embracing cognitive, situated, and critical framings of computational thinking in K-12 CS education. ACM Inroads, 11(1), 44-53.
- Karaduman, T., & Akman, B. (2024). A comprehensive review of technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). e-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1282126
- Kassem, M.A.M. (2018). Balancing technology with pedagogy in English language classroom: Teachers’ perspective. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 6(9), 1–19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329248065
- Kropf, D. C. (2013). Connectivism: 21st century’s new learning theory. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 16(2), 13–24. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1017519
- Leow, F.T., & Neo, M. (2023). Critical factors for enhancing students’ collaborative learning experiences in a project-based connectivism learning environment. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(7), 388-410. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.7.21
- Liu, X., & Li, H.L. (2021) A preliminary study on connectivism-constructivism learning theory based on developmental cognitive neuroscience and spiking neural network. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 11, 874-884. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2021.118064
- Li, Y., Wang, K., Xiao, Y., & Friday, J. (2020). Research and trends in STEM education: A Systematic review of journal publications. International Journal of STEM Education 7, 11. doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00207-6
- Mahat, H., Arshad, S., Saleh, Y., Aiyub, K., Hashim, M., & Nayan, N. (2020). Penggunaan dan penerimaan bahan bantu mengajar multimedia terhadap keberkesanan pembelajaran Geografi. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2020-1603-16
- Mahlangu, G., & Makwasha, L. (2023). Factors affecting the adoption and use of online assessment for learning at polytechnics in Zimbabwe. Cogent Education, 10(10), 2177475. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2177475
- Maphosa, V., Jita, T., & Dube, B. (2020, June). Students’ perception and use of Moodle as the E-Learning system implemented at a rural University in Zimbabwe. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 175-182). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
- Maramba, P., & Mazongoda, S.S. (2020). Formative evaluation on acceptance and usage of e-learning platforms in developing countries: A case of Zimbabwe. African Evaluation Journal, 1(8), a375. https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v8i1.375
- Marandu, E. E., Makudza, F., & Ngwenya, S. N. (2019). Predicting students’ intention and actual use of E-learning using the technology acceptance model: A case from Zimbabwe. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(6), 110-127.
- Mataruka, L. T., Muzurura, J., & Nyoni, J. (2021). The adoption of E-learning systems in Zimbabwe’s universities: An integration of theory of planned behaviour and technology acceptance model.
- Maune, A. (2023). Adoption and use of e-learning platforms by universities in developing countries: Evidence from Zimbabwe. Cogent Education, 10(2), 2287905. https://doi.org/101080/20231186X.22023.2287905
- Mpofu F.Y., & Mpofu, A. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic and digital transformation in Zimbabwean universities: Opportunities and challenges and implications for transition to online learning. International Journal of Social Science Research & Review, 6(3), 64-88. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v613.957
- Mupfiga, P., Mupfiga, M.C., & Zhou, T.G. (2017). Enhancing teaching and learning through the use of mobile technologies in Zimbabwean universities. Journal of Systems Integration, 8(2), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.20470/jsi.v8i2.298
- Nherera, C.M., & Mukora, F.N. (2024). Digitalisation of higher education in Zimbabwe: A challenging necessity and emerging solutions. Journal of Comparative & International Education, 16(2), 25-34. https://ojed.org/jcibe
- Roushan, G., Polkinghorne, M., & Patel, U. (2025). Teaching and learning with innovative technologies in higher education: Real-World Case Studies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032635248
- Sambo, P., Hapanyengwi, G.T., & Zengeya, T. (2021). The adoption of e-learning by students in Zimbabwean universities in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of Electronic & Information Systems, 3(2), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.30564/jeisr.v3i2.3722
- Sibanda, N. (2022). E-learning at a Zimbabwean university during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and opportunities. Alternation, 29(1), 317-336. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc.alt_v29_n1_a14
- Synder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
- Thy, S., Ly, T., & Ean, S. (2023). Cambodian upper secondary school education amid COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities. Cambodia Development Resource Institute.
- Tseng, J. J., Cheng, Y. S., & Yeh, H. N. (2019). How pre-service English teachers enact TPACK in the context of web- conferencing teaching: A design thinking approach. Computers & Education, 128, 171-182. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.022/
- Ukpe, E. (2023). Information and Communication Technologies for e-Learning in tertiary education. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(12), 666-680. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.1112044
- Watkins, Y., Kim, E., Sornborger, A., Kenyon, G.T., et al. (2020) Using sinusoidally-modulated noise as a surrogate for slow-wave sleep to accomplish stable unsupervised dictionary learning in a spike-based sparse coding model. 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops
- Seattle, 14-19 June, 1482-1487. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW50498.2020.00188
- Zou, R., Jiang, L., Cao, Y., Muthukrishnan, P., Fauzi, M. A., & Zhang, H. (2024). Mapping Fifteen Years of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Model Applications in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400076/v1
References
Anderson, T. (2016). Theories for learning with emerging technologies. In G. Veletsianos (Ed.). Emergence and innovation in digital learning: Foundations and applications (35-64). Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
Arslan, A. (2020). Reliability and Validity of Instruments Measuring English Teachers’ TPACK. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(3), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.679876
Aunzo Jr, R.T. (2025). Advancing sustainable development goals with educational technology: supporting stem education and fostering innovation through educational technology. In Advancing sustainable development goals with educational technology (pp. 65-98). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Babirye, L. N., Jjagwe, G., & Turihohabwe, J. (2024). Suitability of eLearning Adoption Frameworks and Models for Higher Education Institutions in Uganda. In Rethinking ICT adoption theories in the developing world: Information and Communication Technologies (pp. 249-268). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Chandrappa, P.K. (2018). Connectivism as a learning theory for the digital age. Adhyayan: A Journal of Management Sciences, 8(01), 37-47. https://smsjournals.com/index.php/Adhyayan/article/view/2092
Chikuvadze, P., Mugijima, S., & Mujere, N. (2024). Digital technology-enhanced pedagogy and its influence on sustainable pre-service educators’ development in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Education, Technology and Science, 4(2), 1861-1872.
Chiome, C., & Chindanya, A. (2015). An analysis of academia perceptions of effects of mainstreaming e-learning on gender/socio-cultural minorities in Zimbabwean universities. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 7(3), 218-227.
Chinamasa, E., & Ncube, M. (2023). Factors influencing e-learning acceptance in teacher education institutions: students’ and lecturers’ views. International Journal of Education Humanities & Social Science, 6(01), 80-93.
Chitanana, L. (2024). The suitability of blended learning in Zimbabwean state universities in the post-COVID-19 era. E-Learning & Digital Media, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530241277913
Chitanana, L, Makaza, D., & Madzima, K. (2008). The current state of e-learning at universities in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 4(2), 5-15.
Dacholfany. M.I, Saifi, I.L & Sulaiman. S, (2022). Connectivism and constructivism approaches to social learning theory, International Journal of Education, Vocational and Social Science, Volume 01 issue 01, 2022, E-ISSN: 2963 4954
Daniel, S. (2023). Work and meaning in the age of AI-brookings. Brookings, available at: www. brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Work-and-meaning-in-the-age-of-AI_Final.pdf-Md
Dube, S., & Scott, E. (2017). The use of e-learning systems for pedagogy: What Zimbabwean Educators say. International Journal of Advances in Computer Science & Its Applications, 7(1), 67-71.
Farhadi. S & Öztürk. G, (2023), Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Level and Needs of Pre-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Teachers: Evidence from Turkey. Revista Educación. Dhttps://doi.org/10.15517/revedu.v47i1.51920
Goldie, J. G. S. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher, 38(10), 1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2016.1173661
Hayati, A., & Zaim, M. (2024). Students’ perception toward teachers’ implementation of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge in EFL classroom at Madrasah Aliyah. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i1.4529
Heng, K. (2021). COVID-19: A catalyst for the digital transformation of Cambodian education, 87(2021).
Jan, S. (2023). Meaning-thinking-AI. AI & Society. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/s00146-023-01709-x
Kafai, Y.B., Proctor, C., & Lui, D. (2020). From theory bias to theory dialogue: embracing cognitive, situated, and critical framings of computational thinking in K-12 CS education. ACM Inroads, 11(1), 44-53.
Karaduman, T., & Akman, B. (2024). A comprehensive review of technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). e-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1282126
Kassem, M.A.M. (2018). Balancing technology with pedagogy in English language classroom: Teachers’ perspective. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 6(9), 1–19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329248065
Kropf, D. C. (2013). Connectivism: 21st century’s new learning theory. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 16(2), 13–24. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1017519
Leow, F.T., & Neo, M. (2023). Critical factors for enhancing students’ collaborative learning experiences in a project-based connectivism learning environment. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(7), 388-410. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.7.21
Liu, X., & Li, H.L. (2021) A preliminary study on connectivism-constructivism learning theory based on developmental cognitive neuroscience and spiking neural network. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 11, 874-884. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2021.118064
Li, Y., Wang, K., Xiao, Y., & Friday, J. (2020). Research and trends in STEM education: A Systematic review of journal publications. International Journal of STEM Education 7, 11. doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00207-6
Mahat, H., Arshad, S., Saleh, Y., Aiyub, K., Hashim, M., & Nayan, N. (2020). Penggunaan dan penerimaan bahan bantu mengajar multimedia terhadap keberkesanan pembelajaran Geografi. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2020-1603-16
Mahlangu, G., & Makwasha, L. (2023). Factors affecting the adoption and use of online assessment for learning at polytechnics in Zimbabwe. Cogent Education, 10(10), 2177475. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2177475
Maphosa, V., Jita, T., & Dube, B. (2020, June). Students’ perception and use of Moodle as the E-Learning system implemented at a rural University in Zimbabwe. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 175-182). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Maramba, P., & Mazongoda, S.S. (2020). Formative evaluation on acceptance and usage of e-learning platforms in developing countries: A case of Zimbabwe. African Evaluation Journal, 1(8), a375. https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v8i1.375
Marandu, E. E., Makudza, F., & Ngwenya, S. N. (2019). Predicting students’ intention and actual use of E-learning using the technology acceptance model: A case from Zimbabwe. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(6), 110-127.
Mataruka, L. T., Muzurura, J., & Nyoni, J. (2021). The adoption of E-learning systems in Zimbabwe’s universities: An integration of theory of planned behaviour and technology acceptance model.
Maune, A. (2023). Adoption and use of e-learning platforms by universities in developing countries: Evidence from Zimbabwe. Cogent Education, 10(2), 2287905. https://doi.org/101080/20231186X.22023.2287905
Mpofu F.Y., & Mpofu, A. (2023). The COVID-19 pandemic and digital transformation in Zimbabwean universities: Opportunities and challenges and implications for transition to online learning. International Journal of Social Science Research & Review, 6(3), 64-88. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v613.957
Mupfiga, P., Mupfiga, M.C., & Zhou, T.G. (2017). Enhancing teaching and learning through the use of mobile technologies in Zimbabwean universities. Journal of Systems Integration, 8(2), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.20470/jsi.v8i2.298
Nherera, C.M., & Mukora, F.N. (2024). Digitalisation of higher education in Zimbabwe: A challenging necessity and emerging solutions. Journal of Comparative & International Education, 16(2), 25-34. https://ojed.org/jcibe
Roushan, G., Polkinghorne, M., & Patel, U. (2025). Teaching and learning with innovative technologies in higher education: Real-World Case Studies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032635248
Sambo, P., Hapanyengwi, G.T., & Zengeya, T. (2021). The adoption of e-learning by students in Zimbabwean universities in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of Electronic & Information Systems, 3(2), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.30564/jeisr.v3i2.3722
Sibanda, N. (2022). E-learning at a Zimbabwean university during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and opportunities. Alternation, 29(1), 317-336. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc.alt_v29_n1_a14
Synder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Thy, S., Ly, T., & Ean, S. (2023). Cambodian upper secondary school education amid COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities. Cambodia Development Resource Institute.
Tseng, J. J., Cheng, Y. S., & Yeh, H. N. (2019). How pre-service English teachers enact TPACK in the context of web- conferencing teaching: A design thinking approach. Computers & Education, 128, 171-182. https://doi.org/1 0.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.022/
Ukpe, E. (2023). Information and Communication Technologies for e-Learning in tertiary education. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(12), 666-680. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.1112044
Watkins, Y., Kim, E., Sornborger, A., Kenyon, G.T., et al. (2020) Using sinusoidally-modulated noise as a surrogate for slow-wave sleep to accomplish stable unsupervised dictionary learning in a spike-based sparse coding model. 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops
Seattle, 14-19 June, 1482-1487. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPRW50498.2020.00188
Zou, R., Jiang, L., Cao, Y., Muthukrishnan, P., Fauzi, M. A., & Zhang, H. (2024). Mapping Fifteen Years of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Model Applications in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5400076/v1