Main Article Content
Abstract
Allergies represent a chronic health concern among schoolchildren in Indonesia. The disorder is increasing in number but often underdiagnosed, particularly in semi-rural areas facing limited access to health services. This community service sought to facilitate access to initial allergy screening and increase awareness of the allergic status of elementary schoolchildren in the semi-rural area of Muaragembong, Bekasi. Allergy screening was conducted using the Skin Prick Test (SPT) method to detect sensitization to house dust mite (HDM) allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp) and D. farinae (Derf) in 98 participants aged 6–13 years. Subsequent data analysis and interpretation aimed to enhance health awareness. The results indicated that the total prevalence of HDM sensitization reached 24.5%, with 7.1% of them sensitized to both allergens. This finding highlights the critical nature of the allergy issue and the need for its proactive intervention. Direct discourse about this discovery with parents/guardians and local healthcare services is pivotal to raise their awareness. Future efforts should prioritize the development of HDM avoidance protocols that require active parental participation in routine household cleaning as a community-based solution. Additionally, establishing formal referral networks to local health facilities, governments, and other policymakers is essential for ensuring ongoing allergy management.
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References
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- Genovese, D., Candiloro, S., D’Anna, A., Dettori, M., Restivo, V., Amodio, E., & Casuccio, A. (2023). Urban sprawl and health: a review of the scientific literature. Environmental Research Letters, 18(8), 083004.
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- Heinzerling, L., Mari, A., Bergmann, K.-C., Bresciani, M., Burbach, G., Darsow, U., Durham, S., et al. (2013). The skin prick test - European standards. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 3(1), 3.
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- Alberba, I. J. P., Solis, S. M. M., Base, J. M. M. R., Julia, N. O., Villanueva, J. R. F., Patanindagat, C. Y., Sabit, M. B., et al. (2025). Association of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific immunoglobulin epsilon with atopy, age, and gender in a Filipino population. Asia Pacific Allergy, 15(3), 124–131.
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- Charpin, D. (2021). Climate change and house-dust mite allergy. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 2, 100012.
- Genovese, D., Candiloro, S., D’Anna, A., Dettori, M., Restivo, V., Amodio, E., & Casuccio, A. (2023). Urban sprawl and health: a review of the scientific literature. Environmental Research Letters, 18(8), 083004.
- Gupta, N., & Mapondela, K. B. (2024). Allergy testing in lower middle income countries. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 54(1), 4–6.
- Hamid, F., Wiria, A. E., Wammes, L. J., Kaisar, M. M. M., Djuardi, Y., Versteeg, S. A., Wahyuni, S., et al. (2013). Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Atopic Sensitization in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e67064.
- Han, M., Luo, J., Zhou, W., Wen, S., Zhou, Y., Ye, Y., & Ge, X. (2025). From skin testing to molecular diagnostics: the precision leap in dust mite allergy diagnosis and clinical translation challenges. Frontiers in Allergy, 6, 1598575.
- Heinzerling, L., Mari, A., Bergmann, K.-C., Bresciani, M., Burbach, G., Darsow, U., Durham, S., et al. (2013). The skin prick test - European standards. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 3(1), 3.
- Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics Bekasi Regency. (2025). Kecamatan Muaragembong dalam Angka 2025: Muaragembong District in Figures 2025 (19th ed.). Bekasi: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics Bekasi Regency.
- Jenkins, C. R., Boulet, L. P., Lavoie, K. L., Raherison-Semjen, C., & Singh, D. (2022). Personalized Treatment of Asthma: The Importance of Sex and Gender Differences. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(4), 963-971.e3.
- Kim, D. H., Lim, D. H., Samra, M., Kim, E. H., & Kim, J. H. (2018). How accurate are the ISAAC questions for diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Korean children? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1527.
- Kim, D., Jeon, H., Park, J. Y., Othman, H., Hien, T. T., Lestari, P., Tantrakarnapa, K., et al. (2024). Characteristics of house dust mite allergens in Southeast and East Asia with the effect of hygienic practices. Indoor Environments, 1(2), 100010.
- Majawati, E. S., & Joselyn, K. (2019). Gambaran Prevalensi Tungau Debu Rumah Penyebab Alergi di Kelurahan Tanjung Duren Utara Jakarta Barat: The Prevalence of House Dust Mites Associated with Allergy in The Homes of People in Tanjung Duren Utara Jakarta Barat. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 25(2), 59–65.
- Mallol, J., Crane, J., von Mutius, E., Odhiambo, J., Keil, U., Stewart, A., & The ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. (2013). The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: A global synthesis. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 41(2), 73–85.
- Martin, J., Townshend, J., & Brodlie, M. (2022). Diagnosis and management of asthma in children. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 6(1), e001277.
- Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, & Health Development Policy Agency. (2024). Indonesian Health Survey 2023 in Numbers. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
- Pongdee, T., Brunner, W. M., Kanuga, M. J., Sussman, J. H., Wi, C. Il, & Juhn, Y. J. (2024). Rural Health Disparities in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunologic Diseases: The Current State and Future Direction for Clinical Care and Research. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 12(2), 334–344.
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- Rodriguez, N., Tessier, C. A., Mandhane, P. J., Pei, J., Simons, E., Moraes, T. J., Turvey, S. E., et al. (2022). Sex-specific associations among infant food and atopic sensitizations and infant neurodevelopment. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10, 734428.
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- Setianti, Y., Dida, S., Damayanti, T., & Priyatna, C. C. (2025). Public perception of health information, treatment beliefs, and disease in Indonesia: Effective health promotion strategies. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11(2), 101639.
- Song, M., Hwang, S., Son, E., Yeo, H. J., Cho, W. H., Kim, T. W., Kim, K., et al. (2023). Geographical Differences of Risk of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis according to Urban/Rural Area: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Journal of Urban Health, 100(3), 478–492.
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References
Aggarwal, P., & Senthilkumaran, S. (2023). Dust Mite Allergy. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved December 23, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560718/.
Al-Ihya, A. D., PNR, G. S. F., Sangging, P. R. A., & Himayani, R. (2023). Tinjauan Pustaka: Patofisiologi, Diagnosis, dan Tatalaksana Rinitis Alergi (Literature Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Allergic Rhinitis). Medula, 13(5), 156–159.
Alberba, I. J. P., Solis, S. M. M., Base, J. M. M. R., Julia, N. O., Villanueva, J. R. F., Patanindagat, C. Y., Sabit, M. B., et al. (2025). Association of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific immunoglobulin epsilon with atopy, age, and gender in a Filipino population. Asia Pacific Allergy, 15(3), 124–131.
Alblewi, S. M. S., Alenazi, L. M., Alshahrani, R. S., Alharbi, R. T., Alotaibi, N. A., Albalawi, H. M. D., Albalawi, D. L. S., et al. (2024). Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Quality of Life Among Pediatric Patients in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Oman Medical Journal, 39(6), e696.
Balqis, M. A., Hikmah, Z., Indramaya, D. M., & Damayanti. (2025). Correlation between Allergic Rhinitis and History of Infantile Atopic Dermatitis. Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin (Periodical of Dermatology and Venereology), 37(1), 15–20.
Bunne, J., Hedman, L., Perzanowski, M., Bjerg, A., Winberg, A., Andersson, M., Lundbäck, B., et al. (2022). The Majority of Children Sensitized Before School-Age Develop Allergic Disease Before Adulthood: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(2), 577–585.
Calderón, M. A., Linneberg, A., Kleine-Tebbe, J., De Blay, F., de Rojas, D. H. F., Virchow, J. C., & Demoly, P. (2015). Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: What do we really know? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 136(1), 38–48.
Charpin, D. (2021). Climate change and house-dust mite allergy. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 2, 100012.
Genovese, D., Candiloro, S., D’Anna, A., Dettori, M., Restivo, V., Amodio, E., & Casuccio, A. (2023). Urban sprawl and health: a review of the scientific literature. Environmental Research Letters, 18(8), 083004.
Gupta, N., & Mapondela, K. B. (2024). Allergy testing in lower middle income countries. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 54(1), 4–6.
Hamid, F., Wiria, A. E., Wammes, L. J., Kaisar, M. M. M., Djuardi, Y., Versteeg, S. A., Wahyuni, S., et al. (2013). Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Atopic Sensitization in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e67064.
Han, M., Luo, J., Zhou, W., Wen, S., Zhou, Y., Ye, Y., & Ge, X. (2025). From skin testing to molecular diagnostics: the precision leap in dust mite allergy diagnosis and clinical translation challenges. Frontiers in Allergy, 6, 1598575.
Heinzerling, L., Mari, A., Bergmann, K.-C., Bresciani, M., Burbach, G., Darsow, U., Durham, S., et al. (2013). The skin prick test - European standards. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 3(1), 3.
Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics Bekasi Regency. (2025). Kecamatan Muaragembong dalam Angka 2025: Muaragembong District in Figures 2025 (19th ed.). Bekasi: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics Bekasi Regency.
Jenkins, C. R., Boulet, L. P., Lavoie, K. L., Raherison-Semjen, C., & Singh, D. (2022). Personalized Treatment of Asthma: The Importance of Sex and Gender Differences. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(4), 963-971.e3.
Kim, D. H., Lim, D. H., Samra, M., Kim, E. H., & Kim, J. H. (2018). How accurate are the ISAAC questions for diagnosis of allergic rhinitis in Korean children? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1527.
Kim, D., Jeon, H., Park, J. Y., Othman, H., Hien, T. T., Lestari, P., Tantrakarnapa, K., et al. (2024). Characteristics of house dust mite allergens in Southeast and East Asia with the effect of hygienic practices. Indoor Environments, 1(2), 100010.
Majawati, E. S., & Joselyn, K. (2019). Gambaran Prevalensi Tungau Debu Rumah Penyebab Alergi di Kelurahan Tanjung Duren Utara Jakarta Barat: The Prevalence of House Dust Mites Associated with Allergy in The Homes of People in Tanjung Duren Utara Jakarta Barat. Jurnal Kedokteran Meditek, 25(2), 59–65.
Mallol, J., Crane, J., von Mutius, E., Odhiambo, J., Keil, U., Stewart, A., & The ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. (2013). The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three: A global synthesis. Allergologia et Immunopathologia, 41(2), 73–85.
Martin, J., Townshend, J., & Brodlie, M. (2022). Diagnosis and management of asthma in children. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 6(1), e001277.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, & Health Development Policy Agency. (2024). Indonesian Health Survey 2023 in Numbers. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Pongdee, T., Brunner, W. M., Kanuga, M. J., Sussman, J. H., Wi, C. Il, & Juhn, Y. J. (2024). Rural Health Disparities in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunologic Diseases: The Current State and Future Direction for Clinical Care and Research. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 12(2), 334–344.
Rahman, M., Rahman, F., Jewel, A. M., & Abdullah-Al-Mamun. (2025). Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis in pediatric population. International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 11(1), 1–5.
Rodriguez, N., Tessier, C. A., Mandhane, P. J., Pei, J., Simons, E., Moraes, T. J., Turvey, S. E., et al. (2022). Sex-specific associations among infant food and atopic sensitizations and infant neurodevelopment. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10, 734428.
Schoos, A.-M. M. (2024). Atopic diseases—Diagnostics, mechanisms, and exposures. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 35(7), e14198.
Setianti, Y., Dida, S., Damayanti, T., & Priyatna, C. C. (2025). Public perception of health information, treatment beliefs, and disease in Indonesia: Effective health promotion strategies. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 11(2), 101639.
Song, M., Hwang, S., Son, E., Yeo, H. J., Cho, W. H., Kim, T. W., Kim, K., et al. (2023). Geographical Differences of Risk of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis according to Urban/Rural Area: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Journal of Urban Health, 100(3), 478–492.
Aggarwal, P., & Senthilkumaran, S. (2023). Dust Mite Allergy. StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved December 23, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560718/
Al-Ihya, A. D., PNR, G. S. F., Sangging, P. R. A., & Himayani, R. (2023). Tinjauan Pustaka: Patofisiologi, Diagnosis, dan Tatalaksana Rinitis Alergi (Literature Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Allergic Rhinitis). Medula, 13(5), 156–159.
Alberba, I. J. P., Solis, S. M. M., Base, J. M. M. R., Julia, N. O., Villanueva, J. R. F., Patanindagat, C. Y., Sabit, M. B., et al. (2025). Association of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific immunoglobulin epsilon with atopy, age, and gender in a Filipino population. Asia Pacific Allergy, 15(3), 124–131.
Alblewi, S. M. S., Alenazi, L. M., Alshahrani, R. S., Alharbi, R. T., Alotaibi, N. A., Albalawi, H. M. D., Albalawi, D. L. S., et al. (2024). Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Quality of Life Among Pediatric Patients in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Oman Medical Journal, 39(6), e696.
Balqis, M. A., Hikmah, Z., Indramaya, D. M., & Damayanti. (2025). Correlation between Allergic Rhinitis and History of Infantile Atopic Dermatitis. Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin (Periodical of Dermatology and Venereology), 37(1), 15–20.
Bunne, J., Hedman, L., Perzanowski, M., Bjerg, A., Winberg, A., Andersson, M., Lundbäck, B., et al. (2022). The Majority of Children Sensitized Before School-Age Develop Allergic Disease Before Adulthood: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(2), 577–585.
Calderón, M. A., Linneberg, A., Kleine-Tebbe, J., De Blay, F., de Rojas, D. H. F., Virchow, J. C., & Demoly, P. (2015). Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: What do we really know? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 136(1), 38–48.
Charpin, D. (2021). Climate change and house-dust mite allergy. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 2, 100012.
Genovese, D., Candiloro, S., D’Anna, A., Dettori, M., Restivo, V., Amodio, E., & Casuccio, A. (2023). Urban sprawl and health: a review of the scientific literature. Environmental Research Letters, 18(8), 083004.
Gupta, N., & Mapondela, K. B. (2024). Allergy testing in lower middle income countries. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 54(1), 4–6.
Hamid, F., Wiria, A. E., Wammes, L. J., Kaisar, M. M. M., Djuardi, Y., Versteeg, S. A., Wahyuni, S., et al. (2013). Risk Factors Associated with the Development of Atopic Sensitization in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e67064.
Han, M., Luo, J., Zhou, W., Wen, S., Zhou, Y., Ye, Y., & Ge, X. (2025). From skin testing to molecular diagnostics: the precision leap in dust mite allergy diagnosis and clinical translation challenges. Frontiers in Allergy, 6, 1598575.
Heinzerling, L., Mari, A., Bergmann, K.-C., Bresciani, M., Burbach, G., Darsow, U., Durham, S., et al. (2013). The skin prick test - European standards. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 3(1), 3.
Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics Bekasi Regency. (2025). Kecamatan Muaragembong dalam Angka 2025: Muaragembong District in Figures 2025 (19th ed.). Bekasi: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics Bekasi Regency.
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