Main Article Content
Abstract
In higher education, the experiences of historically marginalized and underrepresented students are often undervalued, challenged, or ignored. Counselor educators must actively advocate within predominantly white, heteronormative, and cisgender-centered training environments by leading initiatives that decolonize the classroom and center liberation. The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce, Liberatory Anti-Oppression in Counselor Education, a culturally responsive pedagogical framework designed to infuse anti-oppressive, antiracist, and liberation-based practices into counselor training. To develop this framework, we conducted a review of peer-reviewed scholarly literature from academic journals. The result of this inquiry is a structured approach for counselor educators to implement liberatory practices in the classroom. We conclude by calling for a shift in the counseling profession toward liberation, offering practical strategies for educators and students alike.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- American Council on Education (2021). Race and ethnicity in higher education. https://www.equityinhighered.org/
- Arrendondo, P., Toporek, M.S., Brown, S., Jones, J., Locke, D.C., Sanchez, J., & Stadler, H. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 24, 42–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1996.tb00288.x
- Authors Masked (2021).
- Asante, M. (2003). Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change. African American Images.
- Brady-Amoon, P. (2011). Humanism, Feminism, and multiculturalism: Essential elements of social justice in counseling, education, and advocacy. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 50, 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2011.tb00113.x
- Carbado, D. W., Crenshaw, K. W., Mays, V. M., & Tomlinson, B. (2013). Intersectionality: Mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 10(2), 303-312.
- Case, A. D., & Hunter, C. D. (2012). Counterspaces: A unit of analysis for understanding the role of settings in marginalized individuals’ adaptive responses to oppression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50, 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-012-9497-7
- Cervantes, A., Carmona, J. F., & Fernández, I. T. (2021). Testimonios and liberation psychology as praxis: Informing educators in the borderlands. Journal of Latinos and Education.
- Chan, C. D., Harrichand, J. J., Anandavalli, S., Vaishnav, S., Chang, C. Y., Hyun, J. H., & Band, M. P. (2021). Mapping solidarity, liberation, and activism: A critical autoethnography of Asian American leaders in counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 43(3), 246-265.
- Comas-Diaz, L., & Torres-Rivera, E. (2020). Liberation Psychology: Theory, Method, Practice and Social Justice. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000198-000
- Cottone, R. R. (2017). In defense of radical social constructivism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCAD.12161
- Cress, C. M. (2008). Creating inclusive learning communities: The role of student-faculty relationships mitigating negative campus climate. Learning Inquiry, 2, 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11519-008-0028-2
- Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York University Press.
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York University Press.
- Drake, R. (January 23, 2023). Solidarity as a social and emotional safety. Learning for Justice, Retrieved from: https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/solidarity-as-social-and-emotional-safetyutm_source=Learning+for+Justice&utm_campaign=9f80c9519f-Newsletter-1-24-2023&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_a8cea027c3-9f80c9519f-100766105
- Douglas, P. (2005). Higher education: A complex microcosm of a complex society [PDF file]. United Kingdom. https://conference.herdsa.org.au/2005/pdf/non_refereed/111.pdf
- Du Bois, W.E.B., (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.
- Duffey, T., & Sombody, C. (2011). The role of relational cultural theory in mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(3), 223-242.
- Enns, C. Z. (2012). Feminist approaches to counseling. The Oxford handbook of counseling psychology, 434-459.
- Essed, P. (2013). Women social justice scholars: Risks and rewards of committing to anti-racism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(9), 1393–1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.791396
- Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks. Grove Press.
- Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Grier-Reed, T., & Ajayi, A. A. (2019). Incorporating humanistic values and techniques in a culturally responsive therapeutic intervention for African American college students.
- Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 58, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12087
- Hansen, J. T. (2006). Humanism as an ideological Rebellion: Deconstructing the Dualisms of
- Contemporary Mental Health Culture. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 45, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2006.tb00001.x
- Hansen, J. T. (2012). Extending the humanistic vision: Toward a humanities foundation for the counseling profession. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 51, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2012.00011.x
- Hansen, J. T., Speciale, M., & Lemberger, M. E. (2014). Humanism: The foundation and future of professional counseling. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 53, 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2014.00055.x
- Haskins, N.H., & Singh, A. (2015). Critical race theory and counselor education pedagogy: Creating equitable training. Counselor Education & Supervision, 54, 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12027
- Hernández-Wolfe, P. (2011) Decolonization and “mental” health: A mestiza’s journey in the borderlands. Women & Therapy, 34, 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2011.580687
- Heidegger, M., Macquarrie, J., & Robinson, E. (1962). Being and time. Blackwell Publishing.June, A.W. (June 24, 2024). This thin slice of academe educates 1 in 5 undergrads. Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/this-thin-slice-of-academe-
- educates-1-in-5-undergrads
- Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. One World.
- Martinez-Cola, M. (2020). Collectors, nightlights, and allies, Oh My! White mentors in the academy. Understanding and Dismantling Privilege, 1, 25–57.
- Mental Health in America, (2021). Racism and mental health. https://mhanational.org/racism-and-mental-health
- Nobles, W. W. (2007). African American Family Life: An Instrument of Culture. In H. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 69–78). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Purswell, K. E. (2019). Humanistic learning theory in counselor education. The Professional Counselor, 9(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.15241/kep.9.4.358
- Richardson, W. J. (2017) Understanding eurocentrism as a structural problem of undone science. https://williamjrichardson.com/2017/06/27/%E2%80%8Bunderstanding-eurocentrism-as-a-structural-problem-of-undone-science/
- Roche, R., Hutchison, B., & Lemberger-Truelove, M. (2020). Historicity in Advocating Student-Within-Environment: Being a Socially Just School Counselor. The Journal of humanistic education and development, 49(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00093.x
- Sartre, J. (2007). Existentialism is a Humanism (C. Macomber, Trans.). Yale University Press.
- Sartre, J.-P. (1966). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology. New York: Washington Square Press.
- Singh, A. A., Appling, B., & Trepal, H. (2020) Using the multicultural and social justice counseling competencies to decolonize counseling practice: The important roles of theory, power, and action. Journal of Counseling & Development, 98, 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12321
- Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
- Thomas, D. (2013). Supervision with Asian counseling students: Cross-culturel supervision
- challenges. Counseling Vistas, 34.
- Vereen, L. G., Wines, L., Lemberger-Truelove, T., Hannon, M. D., Howard, N., & Burt, I. (2017). Black existentialism: Extending the discourse on meaning and existence. Journal of Humanistic Counseling 56(1), 72-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/johc.12045
- Vereen, L., Giovannetti, M., & Bohecker, L. (2020). A paradigm shift: Supporting the multidimensional identities of black male youth. The Journal of Specialists in Group Work, 45(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2020.1740847
- Watts, R. J., & Hipolito-Delgado, C. P. (2015). Thinking ourselves to liberation?: Advancing sociopolitical action in critical consciousness. The Urban Review, 47, 847–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-015-0341-x
- White, D., & Palacios, A. (2019). A culturally responsive existential-phenomenological approach of counseling black sexual minority youth. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 59(2), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12131
- Whitehead, M. M. (2018). Applying Afrocentric theory to mezzo practice with African-Americans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(2), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1390521
- Wilks, D., & Ratheal, J. D. (2010). A historical review and contemporary reassessment of free will concepts in psychological humanism and counseling. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 49(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00094.x
- Yao, C. W., George Mwangi, C. A., & Malaney Brown, V. K. (2019). Exploring the intersection of transnationalism and critical race theory: A critical race analysis of international student experiences in the United States. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22, 38–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497968
References
American Council on Education (2021). Race and ethnicity in higher education. https://www.equityinhighered.org/
Arrendondo, P., Toporek, M.S., Brown, S., Jones, J., Locke, D.C., Sanchez, J., & Stadler, H. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 24, 42–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1996.tb00288.x
Authors Masked (2021).
Asante, M. (2003). Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change. African American Images.
Brady-Amoon, P. (2011). Humanism, Feminism, and multiculturalism: Essential elements of social justice in counseling, education, and advocacy. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 50, 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2011.tb00113.x
Carbado, D. W., Crenshaw, K. W., Mays, V. M., & Tomlinson, B. (2013). Intersectionality: Mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 10(2), 303-312.
Case, A. D., & Hunter, C. D. (2012). Counterspaces: A unit of analysis for understanding the role of settings in marginalized individuals’ adaptive responses to oppression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 50, 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-012-9497-7
Cervantes, A., Carmona, J. F., & Fernández, I. T. (2021). Testimonios and liberation psychology as praxis: Informing educators in the borderlands. Journal of Latinos and Education.
Chan, C. D., Harrichand, J. J., Anandavalli, S., Vaishnav, S., Chang, C. Y., Hyun, J. H., & Band, M. P. (2021). Mapping solidarity, liberation, and activism: A critical autoethnography of Asian American leaders in counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 43(3), 246-265.
Comas-Diaz, L., & Torres-Rivera, E. (2020). Liberation Psychology: Theory, Method, Practice and Social Justice. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000198-000
Cottone, R. R. (2017). In defense of radical social constructivism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95, 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCAD.12161
Cress, C. M. (2008). Creating inclusive learning communities: The role of student-faculty relationships mitigating negative campus climate. Learning Inquiry, 2, 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11519-008-0028-2
Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (Eds.). (1995). Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement. New York University Press.
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York University Press.
Drake, R. (January 23, 2023). Solidarity as a social and emotional safety. Learning for Justice, Retrieved from: https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/solidarity-as-social-and-emotional-safetyutm_source=Learning+for+Justice&utm_campaign=9f80c9519f-Newsletter-1-24-2023&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_a8cea027c3-9f80c9519f-100766105
Douglas, P. (2005). Higher education: A complex microcosm of a complex society [PDF file]. United Kingdom. https://conference.herdsa.org.au/2005/pdf/non_refereed/111.pdf
Du Bois, W.E.B., (1968). The souls of black folk; essays and sketches. Johnson Reprint Corp.
Duffey, T., & Sombody, C. (2011). The role of relational cultural theory in mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(3), 223-242.
Enns, C. Z. (2012). Feminist approaches to counseling. The Oxford handbook of counseling psychology, 434-459.
Essed, P. (2013). Women social justice scholars: Risks and rewards of committing to anti-racism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(9), 1393–1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.791396
Fanon, F. (1967). Black skin, white masks. Grove Press.
Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum International Publishing Group.
Grier-Reed, T., & Ajayi, A. A. (2019). Incorporating humanistic values and techniques in a culturally responsive therapeutic intervention for African American college students.
Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 58, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12087
Hansen, J. T. (2006). Humanism as an ideological Rebellion: Deconstructing the Dualisms of
Contemporary Mental Health Culture. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 45, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2006.tb00001.x
Hansen, J. T. (2012). Extending the humanistic vision: Toward a humanities foundation for the counseling profession. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 51, 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2012.00011.x
Hansen, J. T., Speciale, M., & Lemberger, M. E. (2014). Humanism: The foundation and future of professional counseling. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 53, 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2014.00055.x
Haskins, N.H., & Singh, A. (2015). Critical race theory and counselor education pedagogy: Creating equitable training. Counselor Education & Supervision, 54, 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12027
Hernández-Wolfe, P. (2011) Decolonization and “mental” health: A mestiza’s journey in the borderlands. Women & Therapy, 34, 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2011.580687
Heidegger, M., Macquarrie, J., & Robinson, E. (1962). Being and time. Blackwell Publishing.June, A.W. (June 24, 2024). This thin slice of academe educates 1 in 5 undergrads. Chronicle of Higher Education. https://www.chronicle.com/article/this-thin-slice-of-academe-
educates-1-in-5-undergrads
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. One World.
Martinez-Cola, M. (2020). Collectors, nightlights, and allies, Oh My! White mentors in the academy. Understanding and Dismantling Privilege, 1, 25–57.
Mental Health in America, (2021). Racism and mental health. https://mhanational.org/racism-and-mental-health
Nobles, W. W. (2007). African American Family Life: An Instrument of Culture. In H. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 69–78). Sage Publications, Inc.
Purswell, K. E. (2019). Humanistic learning theory in counselor education. The Professional Counselor, 9(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.15241/kep.9.4.358
Richardson, W. J. (2017) Understanding eurocentrism as a structural problem of undone science. https://williamjrichardson.com/2017/06/27/%E2%80%8Bunderstanding-eurocentrism-as-a-structural-problem-of-undone-science/
Roche, R., Hutchison, B., & Lemberger-Truelove, M. (2020). Historicity in Advocating Student-Within-Environment: Being a Socially Just School Counselor. The Journal of humanistic education and development, 49(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00093.x
Sartre, J. (2007). Existentialism is a Humanism (C. Macomber, Trans.). Yale University Press.
Sartre, J.-P. (1966). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology. New York: Washington Square Press.
Singh, A. A., Appling, B., & Trepal, H. (2020) Using the multicultural and social justice counseling competencies to decolonize counseling practice: The important roles of theory, power, and action. Journal of Counseling & Development, 98, 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12321
Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0233
Thomas, D. (2013). Supervision with Asian counseling students: Cross-culturel supervision
challenges. Counseling Vistas, 34.
Vereen, L. G., Wines, L., Lemberger-Truelove, T., Hannon, M. D., Howard, N., & Burt, I. (2017). Black existentialism: Extending the discourse on meaning and existence. Journal of Humanistic Counseling 56(1), 72-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/johc.12045
Vereen, L., Giovannetti, M., & Bohecker, L. (2020). A paradigm shift: Supporting the multidimensional identities of black male youth. The Journal of Specialists in Group Work, 45(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2020.1740847
Watts, R. J., & Hipolito-Delgado, C. P. (2015). Thinking ourselves to liberation?: Advancing sociopolitical action in critical consciousness. The Urban Review, 47, 847–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-015-0341-x
White, D., & Palacios, A. (2019). A culturally responsive existential-phenomenological approach of counseling black sexual minority youth. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 59(2), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12131
Whitehead, M. M. (2018). Applying Afrocentric theory to mezzo practice with African-Americans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(2), 125–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2017.1390521
Wilks, D., & Ratheal, J. D. (2010). A historical review and contemporary reassessment of free will concepts in psychological humanism and counseling. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 49(2), 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00094.x
Yao, C. W., George Mwangi, C. A., & Malaney Brown, V. K. (2019). Exploring the intersection of transnationalism and critical race theory: A critical race analysis of international student experiences in the United States. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22, 38–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497968